Cardiovascular physiological mechanics focusing upon the pumping and circulation of blood by the heart and vessels, and ECG basics.

From excitable tissues, to cardiac potentials, to practical aspects of conducting and interpreting an electrocardiograph in animal patients

Fundamental physiological and pathophysiological concepts of renal function and its clinical relevance

Hypothalamus/Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, Endocrine Pancreas, Calcium Regulation, Adrenal Medulla and Teaching Cases

The basics of fluid therapy: Volume, Rate, Route, Solutes, Osmolarity, Tonicity, Basic Fluid Types, and Additives